Chapter 6 the Periodic Table Vocabulary Review Answers

Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.5 The Periodic Table

Learning Objectives

Past the end of this section, you will be able to:

• State the periodic law and explain the organization of elements in the periodic table
• Predict the general properties of elements based on their location within the periodic table
• Identify metals, nonmetals, and metalloids by their properties and/or location on the periodic table

As early on chemists worked to purify ores and discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped together by their like chemical behaviors. 1 such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K): These elements all are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and accept similar chemic properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of rut and electricity, and have chemic properties in common. Yet, the specific properties of these 2 groupings are notably different from each other. For example: Li, Na, and G are much more reactive than are Ca, Sr, and Ba; Li, Na, and K form compounds with oxygen in a ratio of 2 of their atoms to one oxygen cantlet, whereas Ca, Sr, and Ba form compounds with one of their atoms to one oxygen atom. Fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I) also exhibit similar properties to each other, merely these properties are drastically different from those of whatsoever of the elements above.

Dimitri Mendeleev in Russia (1869) and Lothar Meyer in Frg (1870) independently recognized that there was a periodic relationship among the properties of the elements known at that time. Both published tables with the elements arranged according to increasing diminutive mass. But Mendeleev went i stride farther than Meyer: He used his table to predict the existence of elements that would have the backdrop similar to aluminum and silicon, simply were yet unknown. The discoveries of gallium (1875) and germanium (1886) provided bully back up for Mendeleev'due south work. Although Mendeleev and Meyer had a long dispute over priority, Mendeleev's contributions to the development of the periodic tabular array are now more than widely recognized (Figure 1).

Figure ane. (a) Dimitri Mendeleev is widely credited with creating (b) the first periodic table of the elements. (credit a: modification of piece of work by Serge Lachinov; credit b: modification of piece of work past "Den fjättrade ankan"/Wikimedia Eatables)

By the twentieth century, information technology became apparent that the periodic relationship involved atomic numbers rather than diminutive masses. The mod statement of this relationship, the periodic law, is as follows: the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their diminutive numbers. A modern periodic tabular array arranges the elements in increasing order of their atomic numbers and groups atoms with similar backdrop in the same vertical column (Effigy 2). Each box represents an element and contains its diminutive number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (sometimes) name. The elements are arranged in seven horizontal rows, called periods or series, and xviii vertical columns, called groups. Groups are labeled at the top of each column. In the United States, the labels traditionally were numerals with uppercase letters. Even so, IUPAC recommends that the numbers 1 through xviii exist used, and these labels are more common. For the tabular array to fit on a unmarried page, parts of ii of the rows, a total of 14 columns, are usually written below the main body of the table.

Figure 2. Elements in the periodic table are organized according to their properties.

Many elements differ dramatically in their chemical and physical properties, but some elements are similar in their behaviors. For instance, many elements appear shiny, are malleable (able to exist deformed without breaking) and ductile (can be fatigued into wires), and conduct estrus and electricity well. Other elements are not shiny, malleable, or ductile, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. We tin can sort the elements into large classes with common properties: metals (elements that are shiny, malleable, proficient conductors of oestrus and electricity—shaded yellow); nonmetals (elements that appear wearisome, poor conductors of rut and electricity—shaded green); and metalloids (elements that carry estrus and electricity moderately well, and possess some backdrop of metals and some properties of nonmetals—shaded royal).

The elements can also be classified into the main-group elements (or representative elements) in the columns labeled 1, 2, and thirteen–18; the transition metals in the columns labeled 3–12; and inner transition metals in the ii rows at the bottom of the table (the top-row elements are called lanthanides and the bottom-row elements are actinides; Figure 3). The elements tin be subdivided further by more than specific backdrop, such equally the composition of the compounds they grade. For example, the elements in group 1 (the starting time column) form compounds that consist of one atom of the element and one cantlet of hydrogen. These elements (except hydrogen) are known every bit alkali metals, and they all have similar chemic backdrop. The elements in group 2 (the second column) form compounds consisting of one cantlet of the element and two atoms of hydrogen: These are chosen alkaline world metals, with like backdrop amid members of that grouping. Other groups with specific names are the pnictogens (group xv), chalcogens (group sixteen), halogens (group 17), and the noble gases (group 18, also known as inert gases). The groups can also be referred to by the first element of the group: For example, the chalcogens tin exist called the oxygen grouping or oxygen family. Hydrogen is a unique, nonmetallic element with properties similar to both group 1A and grouping 7A elements. For that reason, hydrogen may be shown at the top of both groups, or by itself.

Figure 3. The periodic table organizes elements with similar properties into groups.

Click on this link for an interactive periodic table, which yous can utilize to explore the properties of the elements (includes podcasts and videos of each element). Yous may also want to attempt this ane that shows photos of all the elements.

Example i

Naming Groups of Elements
Atoms of each of the following elements are essential for life. Give the group name for the following elements:

(a) chlorine

(b) calcium

(c) sodium

(d) sulfur

Solution
The family unit names are every bit follows:

(a) element of group vii

(b) alkaline earth metallic

(c) alkali metallic

(d) chalcogen

Cheque Your Learning
Give the grouping name for each of the following elements:

(a) krypton

(b) selenium

(c) barium

(d) lithium

Answer:

(a) noble gas; (b) chalcogen; (c) element of group i globe metal; (d) brine metal

In studying the periodic table, you might have noticed something about the diminutive masses of some of the elements. Element 43 (technetium), element 61 (promethium), and most of the elements with diminutive number 84 (polonium) and higher take their atomic mass given in square brackets. This is done for elements that consist entirely of unstable, radioactive isotopes (you will learn more most radioactivity in the nuclear chemistry affiliate). An average diminutive weight cannot be determined for these elements because their radioisotopes may vary significantly in relative affluence, depending on the source, or may non even exist in nature. The number in square brackets is the atomic mass number (and guess atomic mass) of the most stable isotope of that chemical element.

Cardinal Concepts and Summary

The discovery of the periodic recurrence of similar backdrop amidst the elements led to the formulation of the periodic table, in which the elements are bundled in gild of increasing atomic number in rows known as periods and columns known as groups. Elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar chemic backdrop. Elements can be classified as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, or as a chief-grouping elements, transition metals, and inner transition metals. Groups are numbered one–18 from left to right. The elements in grouping one are known equally the alkali metals; those in group two are the alkali metal world metals; those in 15 are the pnictogens; those in 16 are the chalcogens; those in 17 are the halogens; and those in 18 are the noble gases.

Chemical science Cease of Chapter Exercises

1. Using the periodic table, classify each of the following elements as a metal or a nonmetal, and and so farther classify each as a main-grouping (representative) element, transition element, or inner transition element:

   (a) uranium

   (b) bromine

   (c) strontium

   (d) neon

   (eastward) gold

   (f) americium

   (g) rhodium

   (h) sulfur

   (i) carbon

   (j) potassium

2. Using the periodic tabular array, classify each of the post-obit elements every bit a metal or a nonmetal, and and then farther allocate each as a main-group (representative) element, transition element, or inner transition metal:

   (a) cobalt

   (b) europium

   (c) iodine

   (d) indium

   (due east) lithium

   (f) oxygen

   (h) cadmium

   (i) terbium

   (j) rhenium

3. Using the periodic table, identify the lightest member of each of the following groups:

   (a) noble gases

   (b) element of group i earth metals

   (c) brine metals

   (d) chalcogens

4. Using the periodic table, identify the heaviest member of each of the following groups:

   (a) alkali metals

   (b) chalcogens

   (c) noble gases

   (d) alkaline earth metals

5. Use the periodic tabular array to give the proper name and symbol for each of the following elements:

   (a) the noble gas in the same menstruation as germanium

   (b) the alkaline world metal in the same period as selenium

   (c) the element of group vii in the same flow equally lithium

   (d) the chalcogen in the same period as cadmium

6. Utilize the periodic table to give the name and symbol for each of the following elements:>

   (a) the halogen in the aforementioned period as the alkali metallic with 11 protons

   (b) the alkaline world metal in the same period with the neutral noble gas with xviii electrons

   (c) the noble gas in the same row as an isotope with 30 neutrons and 25 protons

   (d) the noble gas in the same period as gold

7. Write a symbol for each of the following neutral isotopes. Include the atomic number and mass number for each.

   (a) the alkali metal with 11 protons and a mass number of 23

   (b) the noble gas chemical element with 75 neutrons in its nucleus and 54 electrons in the neutral atom

   (c) the isotope with 33 protons and 40 neutrons in its nucleus

   (d) the element of group ii with 88 electrons and 138 neutrons

8. Write a symbol for each of the following neutral isotopes. Include the atomic number and mass number for each.

   (a) the chalcogen with a mass number of 125

   (b) the element of group vii whose longest-lived isotope is radioactive

   (c) the noble gas, used in lighting, with x electrons and ten neutrons

   (d) the lightest alkali metal with 3 neutrons

Glossary

actinide

inner transition metallic in the lesser of the bottom two rows of the periodic table

brine metal

chemical element in group 1

alkaline earth metal

element in group ii

chalcogen

element in grouping 16

grouping

vertical column of the periodic tabular array

halogen

element in group 17

inert gas

(also, noble gas) element in grouping 18

inner transition metal

(also, lanthanide or actinide) chemical element in the bottom two rows; if in the beginning row, as well called lanthanide, or if in the 2nd row, also called actinide

lanthanide

inner transition metal in the top of the bottom two rows of the periodic table

main-group chemical element

(also, representative element) element in columns 1, 2, and 12–eighteen

metal

element that is shiny, malleable, expert usher of heat and electricity

metalloid

chemical element that conducts heat and electricity moderately well, and possesses some backdrop of metals and some properties of nonmetals

element of group 0

(also, inert gas) element in group 18

nonmetal

chemical element that appears irksome, poor usher of heat and electricity

period

(also, serial) horizontal row of the periodic table

periodic police force

backdrop of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.

periodic table

table of the elements that places elements with like chemic properties shut together

pnictogen

element in group xv

representative element

(also, main-group element) element in columns one, 2, and 12–eighteen

serial

(as well, period) horizontal row of the period tabular array

transition metallic

element in columns iii–11

Solutions

Answers to Chemistry End of Chapter Exercises

1. (a) metal, inner transition metal; (b) nonmetal, representative element; (c) metal, representative element; (d) nonmetal, representative element; (e) metal, transition metal; (f) metallic, inner transition metal; (g) metal, transition element; (h) nonmetal, representative chemical element; (i) nonmetal, representative chemical element; (j) metal, representative element

3. (a) He; (b) Be; (c) Li; (d) O

v. (a) krypton, Kr; (b) calcium, Ca; (c) fluorine, F; (d) tellurium, Te

7. (a) [latex]_{xi}^{23}\text{Na}[/latex]; (b) [latex]_{54}^{129}\text{Xe}[/latex]; (c) [latex]_{33}^{73}\text{As}[/latex] ; (d) [latex]_{88}^{226}\text{Ra}[/latex];

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